Bruera E, Pereira J. Opioid Neurotoxicity. Chapter in International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) 1996 International Meeting Book. IASP Press, Washington. 1996
de Stoutz ND, Bruera E, Suarez-Almazor M. Opioid rotation for toxicity reduction in terminal cancer patients. JPSM 1995; 10:378-384.
Maddocks I, Somogyi A, Abbott F, Hayball P, Parker D. Attenuation of morphine-induced delirium in palliative care by substitution with infusion of oxycodone. JPSM 1996; 12:182-189.
MacDonald N, Fainsinger R. Indications and ethical considerations in the hydration of patients with advanced cancer. In: Cachexia-Anorexia in Cancer Patients. (E. Bruera and I. Higgins, Eds.). Oxford University Press 1996; 7:94-109.
Fallo, M. Substitution of another opioid for morphine. Opioid toxicity should be managed initially by decreasing the opioid dose (letter; comment) BMJ 1998; 317, 81.
Clinical Presentation
Underlying Mechanisms
Assessment of toxicities
Overall management
Opioid rotation
Opioid dose reduction
Addition of other drugs
Hydration
References
Credits
Content for this flash card was provided by Dr. Jose Pereira and Jacqui Peden RN MN. For full credits click here.