Their prevalence has not been well documented. There exists much interindividual variability with respect to which patients develop toxicities. Patients with renal impairment and patients on high doses of opioids for a long periods of time appear to be at a higher risk. These toxicities include hallucinations (often visual or tactile), cognitive impairment, delirium, hyperalgesia, allodynia, sedation, and myoclonus. The latter is characterized by "muscle jerking" that can be localized or generalized. If very severe, these can go on to become generalized seizures.

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